# Claudio Lombardo - sito divulgativo

> Claudio Lombardo


## Posts

- [Barefoot to the summit: Claudio Lombardo’s challenge in Alto Adige](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/barefoot-to-the-summit-claudio-lombardos-challenge-in-alto-adige/): Matteo Igini’s interview explores the ascent of Cima Grande di Lavaredo and the crossing of Mount Etna, focusing on preparation, gradual adaptation and a connection with nature in Barefoot Alpine Running.
- [Scalzo in vetta: la sfida di Claudio Lombardo su Alto Adige](https://claudiolombardo.it/scalzo-in-vetta-la-sfida-di-claudio-lombardo-su-alto-adige/): L’intervista di Matteo Igini racconta la salita alla Cima Grande di Lavaredo e la traversata dell’Etna: preparazione, gradualità e rapporto con la natura al centro del Barefoot Alpine Running.

## Pages

- [Complete Etna crossing](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/barefoot-en/undertakings/etna-crossing/)
- [Traversata integrale dell’Etna](https://claudiolombardo.it/barefoot/imprese/etna-traversata-integrale/)
- [B.A.M. events](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/barefoot-en/events/)
- [Eventi B.A.M.](https://claudiolombardo.it/barefoot/eventi/)
- [B.A.M. press](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/barefoot-en/press/)
- [Rassegna stampa B.A.M.](https://claudiolombardo.it/barefoot/stampa/)
- [B.A.M. galleries](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/barefoot-en/galleries/)
- [Gallerie B.A.M.](https://claudiolombardo.it/barefoot/gallerie/)
- [B.A.M. videos](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/barefoot-en/videos/)
- [Video B.A.M.](https://claudiolombardo.it/barefoot/video/)
- [B.A.M. undertakings](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/barefoot-en/undertakings/)
- [Imprese B.A.M.](https://claudiolombardo.it/barefoot/imprese/)
- [B.A.M. method](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/barefoot-en/method/)
- [Metodo B.A.M.](https://claudiolombardo.it/barefoot/metodo/)
- [Barefoot Alpine](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/barefoot-en/)
- [Privacy and cookies](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/privacy-and-cookies/)
- [Contact](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/contact-en/)
- [Theses and resources](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/theses-and-resources/)
- [Gallery](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/gallery/)
- [Events](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/events/)
- [About](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/about/)
- [Videos](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/videos/)
- [Books](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/books/)
- [Scientific publications](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/publications/)
- [Articles](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/articles/)
- [The method](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/method/)
- [NeuroRecomp™](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/neurorecomp/)
- [The studio](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/studio-en/)
- [Home](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/)
- [How to Reduce Electrode Impedance](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/library/how-to-reduce-electrode-impedance/): What is electrode impedance in neurofeedback? In the context of neurofeedback, electrode impedance can be described as a kind of “gateway for the electrical signal” that should be easy to cross. Imagine water flowing through a pipe: if the pipe contains obstructions or deposits, the water does not flow properly. In the same way, impedance […]
- [Emotional Balance Zone](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/library/emotional-balance-zone/): EMOTIONAL BALANCE ZONE: the connection between mental well-being and food choices The window of tolerance, a concept developed by Daniel Siegel, is a range within which we can manage emotions and stress in a healthy way. When we are within this window, we feel calm and able to cope with what is happening. Outside the […]
- [Stress-Induced Peripheral Vasoconstriction](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/library/stress-induced-peripheral-vasoconstriction/): Why do hands and feet become cold during stress? The Physiological Response to Stress: An Evolutionary Protection Why do hands and feet become cold during stress? Cold hands and feet are common during stressful situations. This happens because the body activates a natural physiological response to circumstances it perceives as dangerous. The mechanisms, causes and […]
- [EEG Assessment](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/library/eeg-assessment/): What can EEG detect? Developing awareness of different emotional and cognitive states Through EEG and its mathematical analysis, it is possible to detect: Cognitive style of the subject (hemispheric dominance). Integration between the two hemispheres. Levels and symmetry of brain waves (delta, theta, alpha, beta). Symmetry between different points of the same hemisphere. General activation […]
- [Training and Relationships between Brain-Wave Bands](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/library/training-and-relationships-between-brain-wave-bands/): TRAINING AND RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN BRAIN-WAVE BANDS FOR SPECIFIC MENTAL STATES Every brain frequency band is associated with a specific mental state Brain activity consists of different wave frequencies, each associated with specific cognitive, emotional and physiological states. Neurofeedback uses training protocols to optimise the balance between these waves, improving brain regulation. Below, we analyse the […]
- [Temperature](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/library/temperature/): PERIPHERAL TEMPERATURE Performance, Weight Management and Thermoregulation Relationship between eVu TPS and Body Temperature The eVu TPS measures arousal and nervous-system activation, providing information about the state of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which regulates many bodily functions, including body temperature. Body temperature, in turn, is an important indicator of physiological regulation and metabolic state. […]
- [Slides: Summary of the Instagram Live Session of 12 February 2025](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/library/slides-summary-of-the-instagram-live-session-of-12-february-2025/): Slides created by SARAH GIOMI. Summary of the Instagram Live session held on 12 February 2025. 
- [The 10–20 System](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/library/the-1020-system/): The 10–20 system: a map of the brain for EEG The 10–20 system is an international standard used to position electrodes on the scalp during an EEG (electroencephalogram) recording. Its name refers to the distances between electrodes, calculated as percentages (10% or 20%) of the length of the head measured in the front-to-back and side-to-side […]
- [RSA and Vagal Regulation](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/library/rsa-and-vagal-regulation/): The impact of RSA on eating behaviour and mental health RSA and the regulation of eating behaviour: managing hunger, stress and emotions What RSA is and why it matters RSA (respiratory sinus arrhythmia) is a natural variation in heart rate that is synchronised with breathing: Inhalation: the heartbeat increases slightly. Exhalation: the heart rate slows. […]
- [Physiological Variables Roadmap and Potential Related Conditions](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/library/physiological-variables-roadmap-and-potential-related-conditions/): Physiological analysis and potential clinical implications
- [Brain-Wave Roadmap and Potential Related Conditions](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/library/brain-wave-roadmap-and-potential-related-conditions/): Brain patterns and clinical impacts
- [Counterintuitive Responses: Paradoxical Reactivity](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/library/counterintuitive-responses-paradoxical-reactivity/): Unexpected activation during psychophysiological training Introduction Biofeedback is a psychophysiological technique that allows individuals to gain awareness and control over their involuntary body functions, such as breathing, heart rate, muscle tension and galvanic skin response. One of the most intriguing and complex phenomena observed during biofeedback is paradoxical reactivity, i.e. an unexpected or counterintuitive response […]
- [Returning to the Emotional Balance Zone](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/library/returning-to-the-emotional-balance-zone/): Restore balance in your relationship with food: 12 essential tips 1. Deep and conscious breathing How it works: Slow and deep breathing activates the parasympathetic nervous system, responsible for relaxation. Practical exercise: Inhale deeply through your nose for 4 seconds. Hold your breath for 4 seconds. Slowly exhale from your mouth for 6 seconds. Repeat […]
- [Breathe in Phytoncides](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/library/breathe-in-phytoncides/): Breathe in Phytoncides! Phytoncides are volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released by plants—especially trees—to protect themselves from insects, fungi, bacteria and other harmful organisms. In addition to protecting plants, these compounds may also have beneficial effects on human health. Phytoncides influence the parasympathetic nervous system and may reduce cortisol, the stress hormone. High stress levels can […]
- [Regulate Your Temperature, Transform Your Well-Being](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/library/regulate-your-temperature-transform-your-well-being/): Cold hands and emotional eating: the role of body temperature in everyday stress Peripheral vasoconstriction is a recognised sign of acute and chronic stress, as documented in studies of autonomic regulation (Porges, 1995). Cold hands and emotional eating: the role of body temperature in everyday stress Peripheral body temperature (e.g. in the hands and feet) […]
- [Protocols](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/library/protocols/): Neurophysiological training pathways What are neurofeedback protocols? Neurofeedback protocols are structured methods designed to train the brain to function more effectively. They use EEG sensors to measure the brain’s electrical activity and provide real-time feedback on brain-wave patterns. Through visual, auditory or tactile feedback, the brain learns to self-regulate, supporting mental states such as relaxation, […]
- [Neurofeedback Paradoxes: Contradictions in Brain-Wave Balancing](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/library/neurofeedback-paradoxes-contradictions-in-brain-wave-balancing/): NEUROFEEDBACK PARADOXES The surprises of neuroplasticity! Neurofeedback works on brain waves, but the brain can respond in unexpected ways. – Alpha-Theta training that increases anxiety instead of reducing it A participant undergoes Alpha-Theta neurofeedback for relaxation, but feels more irritable and anxious after the session. Possible explanations:✅ Too much Theta without enough Alpha → can encourage […]
- [Biofeedback Paradoxes: When Results Defy Expectations](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/library/biofeedback-paradoxes-when-results-defy-expectations/): BIOFEEDBACK PARADOXES Counterintuitive results in psychophysiological training 📊 Biofeedback measures physiological parameters like HRV (heart rate variability), GSR (skin conductance), respiratory rate, peripheral temperature and muscle tension. But sometimes the results do not match expectations. 1️⃣ High cardiac coherence, but elevated activation (the HRV paradox) The participant achieves cardiac coherence by breathing at 6 cycles […]
- [Essential Concepts](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/library/essential-concepts/): Neurofeedback is a brain self-regulation technique based on electroencephalography (EEG). By measuring the brain’s electrical activity, neurofeedback trains the nervous system to function more effectively. ✅ The brain produces different frequencies of brain waves, each associated with specific mental states.❌ If a certain frequency is too high or too low, cognitive, emotional or physical disturbances […]
- [Neurofeedback: Brain Waves and Mental Health](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/library/neurofeedback-brain-waves-and-mental-health/): Brain waves and mental health: an essential connection The human brain produces brain waves at different frequencies, each with a specific function for our mental and physical well-being. A healthy balance among these waves is essential for optimal brain function. However, imbalances, excesses or deficiencies can cause specific problems. Delta waves (0.5-4 Hz) Function: Delta […]
- [Neurofeedback Monitoring](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/library/neurofeedback-monitoring/): NEUROFEEDBACK MONITORING 1. Communication with the person a) Introduction and explanation of the process: Present neurofeedback in a simple way: “This method allows us to monitor brain activity and train you to regulate it to improve relaxation, concentration and emotional regulation. It’s a safe, non-invasive technique.” b) Use of a calm tone of voice and […]
- [Biofeedback Monitoring](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/library/biofeedback-monitoring/): BIOFEEDBACK MONITORING 1. Communication with the person Introduction and explanation of the process: Briefly introduce biofeedback: “This technique allows us to monitor certain functions of your body, such as heart rate, breathing and muscle tension. I will guide you in the process to improve your relaxation, body control and support better regulation of hunger, helping […]
- [Measure by Touch, Not by the Scales](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/library/measure-by-touch-not-by-the-scales/): EVERY DISH IS AN ART, NOT A MATHEMATICAL FORMULA! Measuring food by touch instead of with a scale encourages a more natural and mindful connection with what we eat. Feeling the texture and weight of the ingredients stimulates the senses and reduces stress linked to getting quantities exactly right. Over time, the body develops muscle […]
- [Biological Markers and the Psyche](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/library/biological-markers-and-the-psyche/): From genes to symptoms A bridge between genetics and behavior What is an Endophenotype? An endophenotype is a central concept in psychiatric research and neuroscience that refers to a measurable trait, located halfway between genetics and observable behavior. Endophenotypes are considered biological markers or intermediate characteristics that help connect underlying genetic mechanisms with the clinical […]
- [The Functions of Brain Waves](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/library/the-functions-of-brain-waves/): Brain waves represent the fundamental rhythms that regulate our mental and physical well-being Imagine that your brain is like the battery of a smartphone, where every kind of brain wave is a function or mode of use. When all modes are balanced, the battery lasts a long time and the phone works perfectly. But if […]
- [The Stages of a Meal: Before, During and After](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/library/the-stages-of-a-meal-before-during-and-after/): The stages of a meal: before, during and after Before the meal (Cephalic Phase) The cephalic phase of the meal refers to physical and mental preparation for eating. It is essential to stimulate digestive processes and improve the experience of the meal. Create an appropriate atmosphere: Prepare a quiet environment without distractions. Set the table […]
- [The Hyperactivity Trap](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/library/the-hyperactivity-trap/): The price of a society that never stops… Why does your nervous system need a break? In modern society, we live in a context of continuous hyperactivity, fueled by a capitalist system that constantly drives us to produce. The moments of peace and boredom, once fundamental for our mental balance, have been almost entirely eliminated. […]
- [The Role of Light in Regulating Hunger and Satiety](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/library/the-role-of-light-in-regulating-hunger-and-satiety/): Sunlight by day, darkness by night: the secrets of well-being Sunlight exposure during the day Regulation of circadian rhythm: Natural light, in particular the blue light of the sun, stimulates the photoreceptors in the eye that communicate with the hypothalamus (specifically the suprachiasmatic nucleus, or SCN), our “biological clock”. This signals to the body that […]
- [HRV](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/library/hrv/): HRV: a compass for navigating the stress of modern life Heart Rate Variability (HRV): a complete guide Heart rate variability (HRV) measures variations in the time between consecutive heartbeats. It is a key indicator of the health of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which regulates many involuntary functions, including heart rate, breathing and digestion.   […]
- [Grounding](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/library/grounding/): What happens when you walk barefoot in nature? Direct contact with the ground reduces cortisol levels (the stress hormone). Grounding reduces stress, which can often trigger emotional eating.  Direct connection with the earth Walking barefoot provides direct contact with the ground, removing the barrier created by footwear. The Earth’s negative electrons The earth is rich […]
- [Functions of Brain Waves](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/library/functions-of-brain-waves/): Description of brain waves and their imbalances Delta waves (0.5-4 Hz) Function: associated with deep sleep and physical regeneration. Excess: lethargy and difficulty concentrating. Deficiency: sleep disorders and difficulty recovering. Theta waves (4-8 Hz) Function: linked to deep relaxation, creativity and introspection. Excess: distraction, fatigue, difficulty focusing. Deficiency: stress, inability to relax, poor creativity. Alpha […]
- [Dedicated Resources](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/library/dedicated-resources/): The document is not currently available for download.
- [Coherent Balance](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/library/coherent-balance/): Introduction Physiological and neurophysiological coherence is an optimal state of balance and synchronization among different parts of the body and nervous system. Advanced techniques such as biofeedback and neurofeedback can be used to train these forms of coherence, improve overall well-being, enhance cognitive and emotional performance and address physical or psychological conditions. Beyond heart–brain and […]
- [Electromyography (EMG) and MyoScan](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/library/electromyography-emg-and-myoscan/): MyoScan: An Advanced Tool for Reducing Muscle Tension From tension to relaxation… Electromyography (EMG) is a diagnostic and therapeutic technique used to record the electrical activity produced by the muscles when they contract. By placing electrodes on the skin surface or inside the muscle, it is possible to monitor muscle tension in real time and […]
- [Sleep More to Live Better](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/library/sleep-more-to-live-better/): Fewer Than 7 Hours a Night? Here Is Why You Should Sleep More How does sleep deprivation affect metabolism and your health? Chronic sleep deprivation impairs METABOLISM and can have serious consequences over time: • Insulin resistance → Cells do not respond well to insulin, increasing the risk of diabetes. • Fat accumulation → Leptin […]
- [Professional Skills](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/library/professional-skills/): Siegel’s Window of Tolerance Siegel’s Window, also known as the Window of Tolerance, is a model that explains how we respond to stress and how the nervous system can be regulated to maintain an optimal state of balance. What Does It Represent? Imagine a window with three zones: Window of Tolerance (at the center): It […]
- [How the Heart Talks to the Brain: An Introduction to HRV](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/library/how-the-heart-talks-to-the-brain-an-introduction-to-hrv/): HOW THE HEART TALKS TO THE BRAIN… THE HEART TALKS TO THE BRAIN The heart sends signals to the brain through the vagus nerve (part of the parasympathetic system). These signals influence brain regions that control emotions, concentration and decisions (e.g., the prefrontal cortex). Imagine the heart as an orchestra conductor and the brain as […]
- [How Your Nervous System Works: Understanding through Metaphors](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/library/how-your-nervous-system-works-understanding-through-metaphors/): Understanding the Nervous System and the Importance of Relaxation: A Story Told Through Metaphors… Imagine your body as a large city. The nervous system is the mayor that coordinates everything: traffic, lights, and even when it is time to take a break. The nervous system: the mayor of the city Sympathetic system: the “superhero” in […]
- [The Brain and Mental Health Conditions](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/library/the-brain-and-mental-health-conditions/): The Relationship Between the Brain and Mental Disorders How Brain Systems Influence Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders The brain is a complex organ that manages many essential functions, including perception, memory, emotion and executive control. When one of these major brain systems is altered, specific psychiatric or neurological disorders may emerge. This overview shows how particular […]
- [Case Study 1](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/library/case-study-1/): CASE – 1 The person displays emotional dysregulation—primarily driven by high stress levels—and uses food for comfort (emotional eating). This is accompanied by sleep disturbances and pronounced social anxiety that affect everyday well-being. An individual experiencing sleep disturbances, emotional dysregulation involving the use of food for comfort (emotional eating) and pronounced social anxiety may benefit […]
- [BioNutriFeedback: Nourish Your Balance](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/library/bionutrifeedback-nourish-your-balance/): Neurofeedback is an innovative method that allows you to TRAIN YOUR BRAIN to improve how it functions. It works like a GYM FOR THE MIND: sensors placed on the head measure brain activity in real time, using a completely painless and non-invasive process. During a neurofeedback session, the activity of your brain waves is shown […]
- [Biofeedback: Applications and Self-Regulation](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/library/biofeedback-applications-and-self-regulation/): The Power of Biofeedback in Addressing Emotional Eating and Excess Weight Biofeedback is not merely a tool for measuring the body; it is a window into the relationship between mind and physiology, giving us the opportunity to consciously regulate processes that once seemed beyond our control.”Dr. Erik Peper Biofeedback: General Applications and Its Use in […]
- [Baroreceptors: Why Do They Matter in Biofeedback?](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/library/baroreceptors-why-do-they-matter-in-biofeedback/): The Role of Baroreceptors in Regulating Blood Pressure and Stress How Baroreceptors Work and Why They Are Essential to Biofeedback Baroreceptors play a crucial role in regulating blood pressure and modulating the autonomic nervous system. In the context of biofeedback, their function is central to learning how to regulate physiological processes consciously, improve bodily control […]
- [Cold-Water Immersion](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/library/cold-water-immersion/): COLD AS A WELL-BEING TOOL Regulation of Hunger Hormones: Ghrelin (hunger hormone). Some studies indicate that cold exposure may reduce ghrelin levels, leading to a decrease in appetite. Leptin (satiety hormone). Cold exposure may increase leptin sensitivity, improving the body’s ability to perceive satiety (Westerterp-Plantenga et al., 2002; Saito et al., 2009; Chechi et al., […]
- [Psychophysiological Assessment](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/library/psychophysiological-assessment/): From Baseline to Reactivity: Assessment Tools How to measure vital parameters and emotional states using reliable scientific methods ADAPTATION PERIODAlthough the adaptation period has long been debated in psychophysiological research, few studies provide empirical data indicating its optimal duration. The adaptation period is the time a participant spends in the experimental setting before baseline measurements […]
- [Comparative CNS Analysis 01–05: Standard Bands](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/library/comparative-cns-analysis-0105-standard-bands/): COMPARATIVE TABLE – CNS 1–5 STANDARD BANDS
- [“BALANCE”](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/library/balance/): COHERENCE BETWEEN MIND AND BODY What is psychophysiological coherence? Imagine your body as an orchestra, with each part—the heart, brain, muscles and breath—playing an instrument. When they all play together in harmony, you feel calm, focused and full of energy. If one instrument falls out of rhythm, everything becomes chaotic and you feel stressed. 1. […]
- [Library](https://claudiolombardo.it/en/library/)
- [Galleria](https://claudiolombardo.it/galleria/)
- [Eventi](https://claudiolombardo.it/eventi/)
- [Biblioteca](https://claudiolombardo.it/biblioteca/)
- [Barefoot Alpine](https://claudiolombardo.it/barefoot/)
- [Il metodo](https://claudiolombardo.it/metodo/)
- [Lo studio](https://claudiolombardo.it/studio/)
- [Sistema 10-20](https://claudiolombardo.it/sistema-10-20/)
- [TRAINING E RELAZIONI TRA BANDE CEREBRALI](https://claudiolombardo.it/training-e-relazioni-tra-bande-cerebrali/)
- [PARADOSSI NEUROFEEDBACK: contraddizioni nel bilanciamento delle onde cerebrali](https://claudiolombardo.it/paradossi-neurofeedback-contraddizioni-nel-bilanciamento-delle-onde-cerebrali/)
- [Paradossi Biofeedback: quando i risultati non seguono le aspettative...](https://claudiolombardo.it/paradossi-biofeedback-quando-i-risultati-non-seguono-le-aspettative/)
- [Dormire di più per vivere meglio!](https://claudiolombardo.it/dormire-di-piu-per-vivere-meglio/)
- [Vasocostrizione periferica da stress](https://claudiolombardo.it/vasocostrizione-periferica-da-stress/)
- [Cervello e Malattie Mentali](https://claudiolombardo.it/cervello-e-malattie-mentali/)
- [Marker Biologici e Psiche](https://claudiolombardo.it/marker-biologici-e-psiche/)
- [ASSESSMENT Psicofisiologico](https://claudiolombardo.it/assessment-psicofisiologico/)
- [Valutazione EEG](https://claudiolombardo.it/valutazione-eeg/)
- [Elettromiografia (EMG) e MyoScan](https://claudiolombardo.it/elettromiografia-emg-e-myoscan/)
- [Barocettori: perché sono importanti nel Biofeedback?](https://claudiolombardo.it/barocettori-perche-sono-importanti-nel-biofeedback/)
- [RSA e regolazione vagale](https://claudiolombardo.it/rsa/)
- [Temperatura](https://claudiolombardo.it/temperatura/)
- [FILE DEDICATI](https://claudiolombardo.it/file-dedicati/)
- [Regola la tua temperatura, trasforma il tuo benessere](https://claudiolombardo.it/regola-la-tua-temperatura-trasforma-il-tuo-benessere/)
- [HRV](https://claudiolombardo.it/hrv/)

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